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MacOS X Plain And Simple
Steve Jobs announced MacOS X, and Apple's future operating system strategy recently
at the WWDC (world-wide developer conference). Our company went to a local bar to
watch it via satellite; it was an interesting presentation. I'll see if I can cut
through some of the jargon, to give a summary of the announcement, as well as what
we think of it from a small developer's viewpoint. A bit of briefing is required
first, however.
API stands for "application programming interface" -- think of it as the
way developers talk to an operating system. Just as Spanish is the language you'd
use to talk to someone from Spain, the MacOS APIs are what developers use to write
applications that will work with the MacOS. APIs define the "words" that
developers use to "speak" to an operating system
or device (like a graphics card or a printer). It takes quite a bit of time to be
able to speak a language such as Spanish fluently, and it takes a similar amount
of time to learn an API, and be able to use it well.
There are all sorts of APIs out there; it's a generic term that is used to describe
how the programmer will communicate with an operating system, graphics card, or any
number of other things. APIs can work across computing platforms. As an example,
for the popular 3DFx graphics cards, there is one API that you use for it, whether
you are running on the MacOS or on Windows. This is great for developers, because
it means they can write their code once, and it'll work on other platforms.
APIs shouldn't be confused with programming languages such as BASIC, Pascal, C, C++,
or Java -- you use APIs from within those programming languages to talk to a particular
operating system, graphics card, etc. If we continue our analogy about APIs being
languages that developers use to talk to an operating system, then programming "languages"
such as those I mentioned before are the letters in an alphabet. You use one to construct
the other: we use letters to construct words are used to communicate with people,
and developers use programming "languages" to
construct (and utilize) APIs that are used to talk to operating systems, graphics
cards, printers, etc. Armed with that knowledge, let's move on to the meat of the
developer conference announcements:
First, there was a sense of deja vu; we've been here before with Copland (albeit
with important differences). MacOS X promises to have all of the underpinnings of
a truly modern OS: high speed networking, preemptive multitasking, memory protection,
and any other buzzwords you wish to throw in. This is what was promised with Copland
some years ago as well, but there is an important difference.
Copland was Apple's modern operating system which was slated to have shipped well
over a year ago. The reason why Copland failed is that they tried to make everything
work -- all of the APIs that Mac developers knew well would continue to "just
work" on the new operating system. There
are APIs in the MacOS that date back to 1984, when the idea of running more than
one application at a time -- let alone preemptive multitasking them -- was a foreign
concept.
ANALOGY: Copland allowed developers to continue speaking the same language (APIs),
but because of this restriction, Apple had a very hard time extending it. Imagine
trying to change the meaning of words in the English language, while having the sentences
they form still make sense.
It isn't always possible to retrofit everything -- Microsoft realized this when they
chopped up the Win3.x APIs to create Win32. Win32 is a set of APIs which allows developers
to write applications that will work on Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT. Apple
is doing something similar with MacOS X.
Apple has created a set of transitional APIs, called "Carbon", which are
a subset of the current MacOS APIs. The problematic APIs which caused Copland to
be scrapped have been eliminated. This is a good middle ground between Copland (100%
compatibility in the APIs, but an engineering nightmare for Apple) and Rhapsody (0%
compatibility in the APIs, making developers scrap their code/knowledge). Developers
will be able to leverage their existing MacOS code, rewrite small portions of it
to use the new Carbon APIs, and they will run on MacOS X, taking advantage of all
of the modern OS features.
ANALOGY: Carbon is like modernizing a language's vocabulary, allowing it to communicate
new ideas, while eliminating words that are no longer relevant to today's world.
Try reading the original version of Moby Dick (colloquial expressions of the times,
et al) compared to the modernized version, and you'll have a good idea of what Carbon
is all about. It took some work to modernize that classic, but not nearly as much
work as translating it into a completely different language.
Users running MacOS 8 will be able to run these applications that have been upgraded
to the Carbon APIs through a set of extensions that will be installed on their machines.
Applications that haven't been updated to the Carbon APIs will still run on MacOS
X, but they simply will not take advantage of the new features. Again, a middle ground
approach: moving forward while leveraging existing technologies.
Until I see more specifics about Apple's direction, there are a few issues that haven't
been clarified for me, though. Steve mentioned that MacOS X is being targeted at
the g3 chip; if this means no one except g3 owners will be able to run MacOS X, I
think there will be a number of miffed customers. It's also a bit unclear where Rhapsody
fits into this whole equation: Steve mentioned that the two would converge, but didn't
specify a timeframe.
It's also unclear where the cross-platform strategy is going, namely the yellowbox
APIs. The yellowbox APIs are a set of standards that application developers write
to, which allows their applications to run on top of any operating system that has
the supporting libraries. I can write an application that runs on MacOS, Windows
95/98, Rhapsody, WindowsNT, and perhaps Solaris (if Sun/Apple offer it) using the
yellowbox. It's an extremely nice development environment, which creates applications
that run on multiple platforms, with the native user interface of the platform (and
without the slowness associated with other such solutions, namely Java).
ANALOGY: The yellowbox APIs are a totally new language; one that allows developers
to express things more easily, quickly, simply, and powerfully than anything before
it -- and it's a universal language that anyone can understand -- no translation
necessary. If you learn the yellowbox APIs, you can write applications that "talk
to" any operating system. The problem with this is that developers need to learn
this new language to reap the benefits, which isn't something to be underestimated.
Look at how long it's (still) taking to convert from the imperial system to the metric
system, despite the latter's obvious advantages.
Now, for some questions I have, and my tentative answers:
Will yellowbox applications run on MacOS X? (One would assume so, but it's not been
specifically stated yet)
Why would any developer bother to learn the yellowbox APIs now that we have Carbon?
(In order to create applications that are cross platform from a single source code
base -- something that Carbon does not offer. Carbon is a set of APIs that let developers
transition their code to MacOS X easily -- it's not a final destination.)
Why would anyone bother with Rhapsody? (If you want a robust Unix machine as a server
or end-user machine, which has a nice GUI and can run MacOS apps, albeit it not as
fast as native applications)
If a lot of this jargon has made your head spin, I think the bottom line is this:
MacOS X will give you a modern OS, and applications which take advantage of it's
features without forcing developers to scrap their existing code to make their applications
work with it.
Andrew Welch, Ambrosia Software, Inc
http://www.AmbrosiaSW.com
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